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Congress Poland
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Congress Poland (Polish: Kongresówka) or Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie, Russian: Царство Польское, Tsarstvo Polskoye)[1] was a puppet state[2] [3] under Russian imperial rule from 1815 to 1915, constitutionally in personal union. It was also informally known as Russian Poland.
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Congress Poland was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European states reorganized Europe following the Napoleonic wars. Contemporary British historian states that creation of Congress Poland was nothing more than new partition of Polish lands and Napoleonic tyranny was substituted by Russian, Austrian and Prussian one [4]The importance of the Congress lent its name to the state.[5][6]While this kingdom lost its status as a semi-independent state in 1831 and was from then on ever more closely integrated with Russia, its administrative organisation was sufficiently distinct for its name to remain in official Russian use, although in the later years of Russian rule it was often replaced, albeit unofficially [7], with the Vistulan Country (Russian: Privislyansky Krai), after all of its separate institutions and administrative arrangements were abolished as part of increased Russification attempts after the defeat of the November Uprising. However, even after this formalized annexation, the territory retained some degree of distinctiveness within the Russian Empire and continued to be referred to informally as Congress Poland until the Russian rule there ended as a result of the advance by the armies of the Central Powers in 1915 during the First World War.
Originally, the kingdom had an area of roughly 128,500 km² (compared with over 1 million km² of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a population of approximately 3.3 million (in 1816) (compared with approximately 10 million Commonwealth citizens). The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchy of Warsaw and much smaller than the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[6] Its population increased to 6.1 million in 1870 and 10 million in 1900. Most of the ethnic Poles in the Russian Empire lived in the Congress Kingdom, although some areas outside it also contained Polish majority.
Congress Poland largely emerged as a result of the efforts of Russian foreign affairs minister Adam Jerzy Czartoryski[8], a Pole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state in alliance with Russia. Formally, the Kingdom of Poland was one of the few contemporary constitutional monarchies in Europe, with the Emperor of Russia as Polish King; his title in chief of Poland, in Russian, was Tsar, as in a few fully integrated parts of the empire (Georgia, Kazan, Siberia). The main problem was that the tsars, who had absolute power ― with the formal title Autocrat — in Russia, similarly wanted no restrictions on their rule in Poland, while the country was given one of the most liberal constitutions in 19th century Europe.[8] Congress Poland had a parliament (sejm) which could vote laws and was responsible to the tsar. It had also its own army, Polish currency (złoty), budget, penal code and a customs boundary separating it from the rest of Russian lands. In reality all opposition to the emperor was persecuted and the law was disregarded at will by Russian officials[9]. Poland also had democratic traditions (Golden Liberty) and the Polish nobility (szlachta) deeply valued personal freedom, which made the autocratic and absolute rule demanded by Russia difficult to establish.
Congress Poland in its original form of a semi-autonomous state separated from Russia by its own distinct institutions, in personal union with Russia through the rule of the Russian tsar, lasted for a mere 15 years. Initially Alexander I started to use a title of the King of Poland and was obligated to observe resolutions of the constitution. However, in time the situation changed and he granted the viceroy, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, almost dictatorial powers.[5]
Very soon after Congress of Vienna resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. In 1819 Alexander I abandoned in Congress Poland a liberty of the press and has introduced preventory censorship. Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started persecution of Polish secret organizations. In 1821 Tsar ordered abolition of freemasonry. Since 1825 sessions of Polish Sejm were secret.
His successor, Nicholas I was only one emperor of Russia crowned as a King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw, but he declined to swear to abide by the Constitution and instead continued to limit the liberties of Poland. In January 1831, in reply to the breaches of Constitution, the Polish parliament deposed the Tsar as King of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. The Tsar reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and the so-called November Uprising broke out.[10]
The end of Congress Poland as a semi-independent entity came with the crushing of the uprising following an 11-month military campaign, and from then on it gradually became an integral part of the Russian Empire. This was formalised through the issuing of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland by the Emperor in 1832, which abolished the 1815 constitution used previously in the kingdom. As a result the kingdom's army and legislative assembly (Sejm) were abolished. In the next 30 years a series of measures bound Congress Poland ever more closely to Russia.
In 1863 the January Uprising broke out, but was crushed by 1865. As a direct result any remaining separate status of Congress Poland was removed and the political entity was directly incorporated into the Russian Empire — later even the country's official name was changed into "Vistulan Country" (Russian: Привислинский Край). It was a namestnichestvo until 1875 and later Governorate General.
In the 1880s, the official language of Congress Poland was changed to Russian, the Polish language was banned both from the office and education, and the process of liquidating the autonomy was finished.
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In 1912 the southeastern part, around Chełm, was constituted a separate entity and incorporated into core Russia.
During First World War Congress Poland was looted and abandoned by the retreating Russian army in 1915 and the following year the occupying Central Powers created the Kingdom of Poland out of most of its territory.
The government of the Congress of Poland was outlined in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland from 1815. The Emperor of Russia was the Polish King. The local government was headed by the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland and the Council of State (an important part of which was the Administrative Council. There was also a parliament (Sejm).
In theory, the government was one of the most liberal in contemporary Europe[8], but in practice the Congress Poland was a Russian puppet state, and the liberal provisions of the constitution, and the scope of the autonomy, were often disregarded by the Russian officials.[8][6][9]
- History of Poland (1795–1918)
- Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)
- Governors-General of Poland
- Pale of Settlement
- ^ Although Kingdom of Poland was the state's official name, to distinguish it from other Kingdoms of Poland, it was and is usually referred to as Congress Poland. Throughout the 19th century, the term Congress Poland continued to be used in relation to these territories, although the political entity they were connected with no longer existed.
- ^ Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822, Grove Press, 2001, ISBN 0-802-13744-X, p171
- ^ Alan Warwick Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997, ISBN 0-871-13665-1, p7
- ^ W. O. Henderson Castlereagh et l` Europe, w: Le Congrès de Vienne et l` Europe, Bruxelles-Paris 1964, p. 60.
- ^ a b Czesław Miłosz, [1] The history of a Polish literature], University of California, 1983, ISBN 0520044770, p196]
- ^ a b c Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822, Grove Press, 2001, ISBN 0-802-13744-X, pp179–180]
- ^ Kingdom of Poland. The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia (1890–1906). Retrieved on 2006-07-27.
- ^ a b c d Rett R. Ludwikowski, Constitution-making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance, Duke University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-822-31802-4, pp12–13]
- ^ a b (Polish) konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego, PWN Encyklopedia. Last accessed on 19 January 2006
- ^ Danuta Przekop and Maciej Janowski, Polish Liberal Thought up to 1918, Central European University Press, 2004, ISBN 9-639-24118-0, p74