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The geometric albedo of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i.e. as seen from the light source) to that of an idealised flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.

Diffuse scattering implies that radiation is emitted isotropically with no memory of the location of the incident light source. Zero phase angle corresponds to looking along the direction of illumination. For Earth-bound observers this occurs when the body in question is at opposition and on the ecliptic.

The visual geometric albedo refers to the geometric albedo quantity when accounting for only electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.

Contents 1 Airless bodies 2 Equivalent definitions 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References

The regoliths of airless bodies (in fact, the majority of bodies in the Solar system) are strongly non-Lambertian and exhibit the opposition effect, which is a strong tendency to reflect light straight back to its source, rather than scattering light diffusively.

The geometric albedo of these bodies can be difficult to determine because of this, as their reflectance is strongly peaked for a small range of phase angles near zero ^[1]. The strength of this peak differs markedly between bodies, and can only be found by making measurements at small enough phase angles. Such measurements are usually difficult due to the necessary precise placement of the observer very close to the incident light. For example, the moon is never seen from the Earth at exactly zero phase angle, because then it is being eclipsed. Other solar system bodies are not in general seen at exactly zero phase angle even at opposition, unless they are also simultaneously located at the ascending node of their orbit and hence lie on the ecliptic. In practice, measurements at small nonzero phase angles are used to derive the Hapke parameters for the body. The reflectance function described by these can then be extrapolated to zero phase angle to obtain an estimate of the geometric albedo.

For very bright, solid, airless objects such as Saturn's moons Enceladus and Tethys (whose Bond albedo is close to one), a strong opposition effect combines with the high Bond albedo to give them a geometric albedo above unity (1.4 in the case of Enceladus) ^[2]. Light is preferentially reflected straight back to its source even at low angle of incidence such as on the limb or from a slope, whereas a Lambertian surface would scatter the radiation much more broadly. The geometric albedo above unity means that the intensity of light scattered back towards the source is higher than is possible for any Lambertian surface.

For the hypothetical case of a plane surface, the geometric albedo is the albedo of the surface when the illumination is provided by a beam of radiation that comes in perpendicular to the surface.

The geometric albedo may be greater or smaller than the Bond albedo, depending on surface and atmospheric properties of the body in question. Some examples ^[3]:

Name	Bond Albedo	Geometric albedo
Mercury	0.119	0.138
Venus	0.75	0.84
Earth	0.29	0.367
Moon	0.123	0.113
Mars	0.16	0.15
Enceladus	0.99	1.4 [4]
Pluto	0.4	0.44-0.61

• Anisotropy
• Lambertian surface

• NASA JPL glossary
• K.P. Seidelmann, Ed. (1992) Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, California.

1. ^ See for example this discussion of Lunar albedo by Jeff Medkeff.
2. ^ See the discussion here for an explanation of this unusual value.
3. ^ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/albedo.html
4. ^ See the discussion here for explanation of this unusual value above one.