Lamiales

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Lamiales

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Lamiales Bromhead

Families

See text

Illustration of Red deadnettle, Lamium purpureum.

The order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. Lamiales formerly had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae plus a few smaller families. Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of Boraginaceae is unclear but phylogenetic work shows that this family does not belong in Lamiales.

Species in the order Lamiales show typically the following characteristics, although there are exceptions to all of them:

superior ovary composed of two fused carpels
five petals fused into a tube
bilaterally symmetrical, often bilabiate corollas
four (or fewer) fertile stamens

The circumscription of Scrophulariaceae, formerly a heterogeneous para/polyphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined and putatively monophyletic families.

Under this definition some well-known members of Lamiales are lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, the ash tree, teak, snapdragons, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

Under the older Cronquist system of classification, the Lamiales included the families Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Boraginaceae, and Lennoaceae. Many of the other families listed below were placed in the Order Scrophulariales. Inclusion of all the following families is typical of newer classifications.

There are about 11,000 species in the Lamiales. They are divided among 10 or more families (Uni-Ham 52e 2002-09-06):

Family Lamiaceae (mint family)

200 genera, 3200 species (according to Gleason & Cronquist) Placed in this order by cladists^{[verification needed]}.

Family Verbenaceae (verbena family)
Family Scrophulariaceae (figwort family)

about 190 genera and about 4000 species. According to the APG II this family is to be recircumscribed to include Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae and exclude several former members; these are assigned to Calceolariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Paulowniaceae, Phrymaceae and Plantaginaceae