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Lithuanian Jews
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Haredi English as Litvish (adjective) or Litvaks (noun)) are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (present-day Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and the northeastern Suwałki region of Poland).
Lithuania was historically home to a large and influential Jewish community that was almost entirely eliminated during the Holocaust: see History of the Jews in Lithuania. Before World War II there were over 110 synagogues and 10 yeshivas in Vilnius.[1] About 4,000 Jews were counted in Lithuania during the 2005 census.[2] There are still strong communities of Jews of Lithuanian descent around the world, especially in Israel, the United States and South Africa.
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The word Litvish means "Lithuanian" in Yiddish. (Latvian Jews were known as Lettishe). Of main Yiddish dialects in Europe, the Litvishe Yiddish (Lithuanian Yiddish) dialect was spoken by Jews in Lithuania, Latvia, and Belarus, and in the northeastern Suwałki region of Poland. Official institutions such as YIVO regard it as the standard form of Yiddish.
The characteristically "Lithuanian" approach to Judaism was marked by a concentration on highly intellectual Talmud study. Lithuania became the heartland of the traditionalist opposition to Hasidism, to the extent that in popular perception "Lithuanian" and "mitnagged" became virtually interchangeable terms. In fact, however, a sizable minority of Lithuanian Jews belong(ed) to Hasidic groups, including Chabad, Slonim, Karlin (Pinsk) and Koidanov. With the spread of the Enlightenment, many Lithuanian Jews became devotees of the Haskala movement in Eastern Europe, and today many leading academics, scientists and philosophers are of Lithuanian Jewish descent.
Lithuanian Jews are known in Yiddish as Litvak (noun) or Litvisher (adjective), or in Hebrew as Litaim. These terms are often used loosely to include those who follow the Lithuanian approach to Judaism (for example because they have attended Lithuanian-style yeshivas), whether or not their ancestors actually came from Lithuania: it seems that "Lithuanian-ness" can be transmitted spiritually as well as genetically.
The most famous Lithuanian institution of Jewish learning was Volozhin yeshiva, which was the model for most later yeshivas. "Lithuanian" yeshivas in existence today include Ponevezh, Telshe, Mir, Kelm, and Slabodka. In theoretical Talmud study, the leading Lithuanian authorities were Chaim Soloveitchik and the Brisker school; rival approaches were those of the Mir and Telshe yeshivas. In practical halakha the Lithuanians traditionally followed the Aruch HaShulchan, though today many prefer the more popular Mishnah Berurah.
Litvaks have an identifiable mode of pronouncing Hebrew and Yiddish which is often used to determine the boundaries of Lita. Its most characteristic feature is the pronunciation of the vowel holam as [ey] (as against Sephardic /ō/, Germanic [au] and Polish [oy]).
In the popular preception, Litvaks were considered to be more intellectual and stoic than their rivals, the Galitzianers, who thought of them as cold fish. They, in turn, disdained Galitzianers as irrational and uneducated. Ira Steingroot's "Yiddish Knowledge Cards" devote a card to this "Ashkenazi version of the Hatfields and McCoys."[3] This difference is of course connected with the Hasidic/mitnagged debate, Hasidism being considered the more emotional and spontaneous form of religious expression.
The two groups differed not only in their attitudes and their pronunciation, but also in their cuisine. The Galitzianers were known for rich, heavily sweetened dishes vs. the plainer, more savory Litvisher versions, with the boundary known as the "Gefilte Fish Line."[4]
Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman of Vilnius ZT"L was one of the most influential Rabbinic authorities and is the most widely recognized Jewish spiritual leader associated with Lithuania. "The Vilna Gaon" was born in Vilnius and his place of burial is there as well. His burial site was recently renovated by Chabad of Vilnius' Rabbi Sholom Krinsky.
Some famous leaders alive in 2007 include:
- Rabbi Yosef Sholom Eliashiv
- Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman
- Rabbi Nissim Karelitz
- Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg
- Rabbi Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz
Interest among descendants of Lithuanian Jews has spurred tourism and a renewal in research and preservation of the community's historic resources and possessions. Increasing numbers of Lithuanian Jews are interested in learning and practising the use of Yiddish.[5]
The beginning of the 21st century was marked by conflicts between members of Chabad-Lubavitch and secular leaders. In 2005, Chief Rabbi Sholom Ber Krinsky was physically removed from the Synagogue by two men hired by the community's secular leader Mr. Alperovich, who then declared a new Chief Rabbi.[6]
Among notable contemporary Lithuanian Jews are the brothers Emanuelis Zingeris (a member of the Lithuanian Seimas) and Markas Zingeris (writer), Arkadijus Vinokuras (actor, publicist), Gercas Žakas (football referee), Bilas (Gidonas Šapiro) (pop-singer from ŽAS), Dovydas Bluvšteinas (music producer), Leonidas Donskis (philosopher, essayist), Icchokas Meras (writer), Grigorijus Kanovičius (writer), Aleksas Lemanas (singer), Rafailas Karpis (opera singer, tenor).
- Roman Abramovich, Oligarch and owner of Chelsea F.C.
- Menachem Begin, Israeli Prime Minister from Brest-Litovsk.
- Sydney Brenner, biochemist, Nobel laureate 2002.
- Marc Chagall, Russian-born French painter.
- Leonard Cohen, Canadian singer-songwriter, poet and novelist.
- Aaron Copland, US composer, original family name was Kaplan.
- Bob Dylan, US singer-songwriter, author, musician and poet.
- Romain Gary, French writer.
- Philip Glass, US minimalist composer.
- Leopold Godowsky, Composer and pianist.
- Nadine Gordimer, 1991 Nobel Prize for literature.
- Laurence Harvey, British actor.
- Jascha Heifetz, acclaimed 20th century violinist born in Vilnius.
- Moe Howard (born Harry Moses Horwitz), Shemp Howard (born Samuel Horwitz) and Curly Howard (born Jerome Lester Horwitz) of the Three Stooges, a US comedy trio.
- Al Jolson, singer-songwriter, dancer, entertainer
- Aaron Klug, biophysicist, Nobel laureate 1982.
- Emmanuel Levinas philosopher.
- Peggy Lipton, US Actress.
- Willy Ronis, Photographer.
- Jacques Lipchitz, Sculptor.
- Chaïm Soutine, Painter.
- Emmanuel Lubezki 3 times Academy Award nominee, cinematographer.
- Sergio Lubezky Latin American photographer.
- Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli Prime Minister, original family name was Milikowsky.
- P!nk, (Alecia Moore), US musician, mother is of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.
- Maury Povich, US talk-show host.
- Vilna Gaon, preeminent religious leader and Talmudist.
- L.L. Zamenhof, founder of the Esperanto language.
- Paul Zukofsky, violinist and conductor from New York
- Dan Bern, American Folks singer, poet, painter
The following have roots in Latvia:
- Isaiah Berlin, philosopher.
- Chaim Bermant, novelist and journalist.
- Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet film director
- Abraham Zevi Idelsohn, musicologist.
- Abraham Isaac Kook, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Mandate Palestine
- Bernard Levin, journalist
- ^ Vilnius, Jerusalem of Lithuania
- ^ Lithuanian population by ethnicity
- ^ "Yiddish Knowledge Cards"
- ^ This is no fish tale: Gefilte tastes tell story of ancestry
- ^ Lithuanian Jews revive Yiddish
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report
- Official website of Jewish Community of Lithuania (English)
- Website of Jewish Chabad-Lubavitch Community (English)
- Website about Jews in Vilnius
- Collection of photos of Litvaks made in first half of 20th century
- Dov Levin, Adam Teller, The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews of Lithuania, Berghahn Books, 2001, ISBN 9653080849
- Alvydas Nikžentaitis, Stefan Schreiner, Darius Staliūnas, Leonidas Donskis, The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews, Rodopi, 2004, ISBN 9042008504